Optimizing Early Childhood Cognitive Development through Parental Stimulation

Nabilah Kamiliyah Zain, Iswinarti Iswinarti

Abstract


This research highlights the importance of parental caregiving in the cognitive development of children during early childhood, a period of rapid brain growth. Interaction with parents and a stimulating home environment significantly influence this development. Many parents lack understanding of effective ways to support their child's cognitive development, necessitating interventions that help enhance cognitive stimulation at home. This study reviews the literature to illustrate the effectiveness of positive parental stimulation in promoting early childhood cognitive development. The findings indicate that parental stimulation, such as a supportive home environment and positive interactions, is crucial for early cognitive development. Interventions that improve parenting practices are effective in enhancing children's cognitive abilities. A lack of stimulation can hinder a child's development, making supportive parenting programs essential. Home stimulation, positive interactions, and authoritative parenting styles are key to optimal cognitive development in children.

Penelitian ini menyoroti pentingnya pengasuhan orang tua dalam perkembangan kognitif anak pada masa awal, saat otak berkembang pesat. Interaksi dengan orang tua dan lingkungan rumah yang stimulatif sangat memengaruhi perkembangan ini. Banyak orang tua kurang memahami cara efektif untuk mendukung perkembangan kognitif anak, sehingga diperlukan intervensi yang membantu meningkatkan stimulasi kognitif di rumah. Studi ini meninjau literatur untuk menggambarkan efektivitas stimulasi positif oleh orang tua dalam meningkatkan perkembangan kognitif anak usia dini. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa stimulasi orang tua, seperti lingkungan rumah yang mendukung dan interaksi positif, sangat penting untuk perkembangan kognitif anak usia dini. Intervensi yang meningkatkan praktik pengasuhan efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif anak. Kekurangan stimulasi dapat menghambat perkembangan anak, sehingga program pengasuhan yang mendukung sangat diperlukan. Stimulasi rumah, interaksi positif, dan gaya pengasuhan otoritatif adalah kunci untuk perkembangan kognitif anak yang optimal.


Keywords


Cognitive Development; Early Childhood; Stimulation; Parents

Full Text:

FULL TEXT

References


Barreto, F. B., Sánchez de Miguel, M., Ibarluzea, J., Andiarena, A., & Arranz, E. (2018). Family context and cognitive development in early childhood: A longitudinal study. Intelligence, 65(September), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2017.09.006

Baudry, C., Tarabulsy, G. M., Atkinson, L., Pearson, J., & St-Pierre, A. (2017). Intervention with Adolescent Mother–Child Dyads and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Meta-Analysis. Prevention Science, 18(1), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0731-7

Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., Digirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., Mccoy, D. C., Fink, G., Shawar, Y. R., Shiff, J., Devercelli, A. E., Wodon, Q. T., Vargas-barón, E., Grantham-mcgregor, S., Early, L., & Indies, W. (2017). Advancing Early Childhood Development: From Science to Scale 1 Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course. The Lancet, 6736(16). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7

Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., McCoy, D. C., Fink, G., Shawar, Y. R., Shiffman, J., Devercelli, A. E., Wodon, Q. T., Vargas-Barón, E., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course. The Lancet, 389(10064), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7

Briones, L., Contreras, D., Otero, G., & Soto, G. (2021). Determinants of early childhood stimulation: Evidence using panel data from Chile. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 57, 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.06.006

Cabrera, N. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2014). The Ecology of Father‐Child Relationships: An Expanded Model. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(4), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12054

Cabrera, N. J., Jeong Moon, U., Fagan, J., West, J., & Aldoney, D. (2020). Cognitive Stimulation at Home and in Child Care and Children’s Preacademic Skills in Two-Parent Families. Child Development, 91(5), 1709–1717. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13380

Caçola, P. M., Gabbard, C., Montebelo, M. I. L., & Santos, D. C. C. (2014). Further Development and Validation of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development–Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS). PHYS THER, December 18. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140011

Cantor, P., Lerner, R. M., Pittman, K. J., Chase, P., & Gomperts, N. (2021). Whole-child development, learning, and thriving: A dynamic systems approach. Cambridge University Press.

Chatib, M. (2016). Orang tuanya manusia: Melejitkan potensi dan kecerdasan dengan menghargai fitrah setiap anak. Kencana Prenadamedia Group.

Chen, Q., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Developing Strengths or Remedying Weaknesses? How Perceived Social Mobility Affects Parents’ Purchase Preferences for Children’s Educational Products. Journal of Marketing, 00222429231224333. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429231224333

Dauch, C., Imwalle, M., Ocasio, B., & Metz, A. E. (2018). Infant Behavior and Development The in fl uence of the number of toys in the environment on toddlers ’ play. Infant Behavior and Development, 50(November 2017), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.11.005

Drago, F., Scharf, R. J., Maphula, A., Nyathi, E., Mahopo, T. C., Svensen, E., Mduma, E., Bessong, P., & Mcquade, E. T. R. (2020). Psychosocial and environmental determinants of child cognitive development in rural south africa and tanzania: Findings from the mal-ed cohort. BMC Public Health, 20(505), 1–8.

Drago, F., Scharf, R. J., Maphula, A., Nyathi, E., Mahopo, T. C., Svensen, E., Mduma, E., Bessong, P., & Rogawski McQuade, E. T. (2020). Psychosocial and environmental determinants of child cognitive development in rural south africa and tanzania: Findings from the mal-ed cohort. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 505. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08598-5

Dunst, C. J. (2022). Child Studies Through The Lens Of Applied Family Social Systems Theory. Child Studies, 1(1), 37–64. https://doi.org/10.21814/childstudies.4126

Fadlillah, M., & Pangastuti, R. (2022). Parenting Style to Support The Cognitive Development of Early Childhood. Jurnal Iqra’: Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 7(1), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v7i1.1614

Finocchiaro, E. (2016). Neurodevelopment and early childhood education for low-income students: An analytical literature review. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 8(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.20489/intjecse.284668

Hanifah, I., Oviyanti, F., & Muhtarom. (2022). Child cognitive development based on the maternal education. Aṭfālunā Journal of Islamic Early Childhood Education, 5(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.32505/atfaluna.v5i1.4070

Hanim, R. A. (2017). Keterlibatan Orang Tua Dan Tumbuh Kembang Siswa-Siswi Kelompok Bermain. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 5.

Hülya, G. O., Seçer, Z., & Önder, A. (2015). Cognitive developmental levels of preschool children in relation to peer relationships. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(4), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1087157

Inglebret, E., Bailey, S., Clothiaux, J. A., Skinder-Meredith, A., Monson, K., & Cleveland, L. (2017). Reporting of socioeconomic status in pediatric language research. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(3), 1042–1052. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0229

Innocenti, M. S., Roggman, L. A., & Cook, G. A. (2013). Using the PICCOLO with parents of children with a disability. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34(4), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21394

Jeong, J., Franchett, E., Ramos de Oliveira, C., Rehmani, K., & Yousafzai, A. (2021). Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 18(5), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003602

Johnstone, H., Yang, Y., Xue, H., & Rozelle, S. (2021). Infant cognitive development and stimulating parenting practices in rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105277

Johnstone, N., Dart, S., Knytl, P., Nauta, A., Hart, K., & Cohen Kadosh, K. (2021). Nutrient Intake and Gut Microbial Genera Changes after a 4-Week Placebo Controlled Galacto-Oligosaccharides Intervention in Young Females. Nutrients, 13(12), 4384. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124384

Kurniasih, E., Lusi, R., & Agustina Dwi Ampuni. (2016). Pengembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini Dalam Menyongsong Hidup Berkualitas Berbasis Blanded Learning. Prosiding Temu Ilmiah Nasional Guru (TING) VIII, November, 593–607.

Likhar, A., Baghel, P., & Patil, M. (2022). Early Childhood Development and Social Determinants. Cureus, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29500

Mansur, H., & Setyaningsih, W. (2021). Analysis of parents’ factors in providing developmental stimulation among pre-school age children in Pakis Sub-District, Malang, East Java. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive, 9(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v9i1.278

Marinda, L. (2020). Teori Perkembangan Kognitif Jean Piaget dan Problematikanya pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar. An-Nisa’ : Jurnal Kajian Perempuan Dan Keislaman, 13(1), 116–152. https://doi.org/10.35719/annisa.v13i1.26

Novita, A. (2018). Peran Orang Tua dalam Menstimulasi Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini. Aṭfālunā: Journal of Islamic Early Childhood Education, 1(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.32505/atfaluna.v1i1.769

Novitasari, Y. (2018). Analisis Permasalahan "Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini”. PAUD Lectura: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 2(01), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.31849/paudlectura.v2i01.2007

Obradovíc, J., Yousafzai, A. K., Finch, J. E., & Rasheed, M. A. (2016). Maternal scaffolding and home stimulation: Key mediators of early intervention effects on children’s cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 52(9), 1409–1421. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000182

Obradović, J., Yousafzai, A. K., Finch, J. E., & Rasheed, M. A. (2016). Maternal scaffolding and home stimulation: Key mediators of early intervention effects on children’s cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 52(9), 1409–1421. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000182

Pereira, F., Azevedo, F., Parachin, N. S., Hahn-Hägerdal, B., Gorwa-Grauslund, M. F., & Johansson, B. (2016). Yeast Pathway Kit: A Method for Metabolic Pathway Assembly with Automatically Simulated Executable Documentation. ACS Synthetic Biology, 5(5), 386–394. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.5b00250

Prime, H., Andrews, K., Markwell, A., Gonzalez, A., Janus, M., Tricco, A. C., Bennett, T., & Atkinson, L. (2023a). Positive Parenting and Early Childhood Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26(2), 362–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00423-2

Prime, H., Andrews, K., Markwell, A., Gonzalez, A., Janus, M., Tricco, A. C., Bennett, T., & Atkinson, L. (2023b). Positive Parenting and Early Childhood Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26(2), 362–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00423-2

Putri, S. A. P. (2016). Peranan Pola Asuh Orang Tua Terhadap Kesiapan Bersekolah Anak Memasuki Sekolah Dasar. Psikoborneo, 4.

Ranjitkar, S., Hysing, M., Kvestad, I., Shrestha, M., Ulak, M., Shilpakar, J. S., Sintakala, R., Chandyo, R. K., Shrestha, L., & Gill, S. V. (2019). Determinants of Cognitive Development in the Early Life of Children in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Front. Psychol, 10(December), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02739

Ranjitkar, S., Reck, F., Ke, X., Zhu, Q., McEnroe, G., Lopez, S. L., & Dean, C. R. (2019). Identification of Mutations in the mrdA Gene Encoding PBP2 That Reduce Carbapenem and Diazabicyclooctane Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates with Mutations in ftsI (PBP3) and Which Carry bla NDM-1. mSphere, 4(4), e00074-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00074-19

Rivero, M., Vilaseca, R., Valls-vidal, C., & Leiva, D. (2023). Relations between Positive Parenting Behavior during Play and Child Language Development at Early Ages. Children, 10(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030505

Ronfani, L., Vecchi Brumatti, L., Mariuz, M., Tognin, V., Bin, M., Ferluga, V., Knowles, A., Montico, M., & Barbone, F. (2015). The complex interaction between home environment, socioeconomic status, maternal IQ and early child neurocognitive development: A multivariate analysis of data collected in a newborn cohort study. PLoS ONE, 10(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127052

Rowe, M. L., Denmark, N., Harden, B. J., & Stapleton, L. M. (2016). The Role of Parent Education and Parenting Knowledge in Children’s Language and Literacy Skills among White, Black, and Latino Families. Infant and Child Development, 25(6), 198–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd

Ruttnig, K., Pereira, G., Saccani, R., & Valentini, N. C. (2016). Cognition and environment are predictors of infants ’ motor development over time. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, 23(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-2950/14685223012016

Samad, S., & Haris, H. (2023). Early childhood cognitive stimulation from working and non-working mothers. Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 42(1), 164–175.

Santrock, J. W. (2009). Child Development. McGraw Hill.

Sharma, P., Budhathoki, C. B., Maharjan, R. K., & Singh, J. K. (2023). Nutritional status and psychosocial stimulation associated with cognitive development in preschool children: A cross-sectional study at Western Terai, Nepal. Plos One, 18(3), e0280032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280032

Shonkoff, J. P., Richter, L., Van Der Gaag, J., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2012). An integrated scientific framework for child survival and early childhood development. Pediatrics, 129(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0366

Suardi, S., & Samad, S. (2020). Stimulation of the Early Childhood Language Development: Optimalization of a Mother’S Role in Family Education. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 13(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v13i1.12300

UNESCO. (2017). Early childhood care and education. Unesco.Org. https://en.unesco.org/ themes/ early-childhood-care-and-education

Utami, N. H., Sekartini, R., Kolopaking, R., & Khusun, H. (2023). Cognitive performance of 4 to 6-year-old children: A longitudinal study. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 63(2), 65–72.

Veronica, N. (2018). Permainan Edukatif dan Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini. Pedagogi : Jurnal Anak Usia Dini Dan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 4(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.30651/pedagogi.v4i2.1939

Wang, L., Xian, Y., Dill, S.-E., Fang, Z., Emmers, D., Zhang, S., & Rozelle, S. (2022). Parenting style and the cognitive development of preschool-aged children: Evidence from rural China. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105490




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v12i2.14927

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Nabilah Kamiliyah Zain & Iswinarti

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

Indexing by :

         

 

________________________________________

PSIKOBORNEO: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Published by Faculty of Social and Political Siences, University of Mulawarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan and This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 ________________________________________

PSIKOBORNEO: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi

Department of Psychology
Faculty of Social and Political Siences, University of Mulawarman
Jl. Muara Muntai Kampus Gn. Kelua Samarinda 75411
Phone: +62 813 35350368
E-Mail: psikoborneo@gmail.com / psikoborneo@fisip.unmul.ac.id