Loneliness Among First-Year Out-of-Town College Students: How Is It Related to Personality Trait?
Abstract
Students will migrate and move temporarily from their hometown to continue their education at a higher level while learning to live independently from their parents. During the migration process, students will be faced with various challenges, one of them is loneliness. This study aims to determine the relationship between each trait in the Big Five Personality with loneliness experienced by first-year out-of-town students. This study is a quantitative study with an accidental sampling method and the participants were 211 first-year out-of-town students of Satya Wacana Christian University. This study uses the 6-Items Cross-Cultural Social Isolation Scale to measure loneliness and the Big Five Inventory-2 Short (BFI2-S) to measure personality. The results showed that there was a negative relationship between trait conscientiousness (p=0.000, r=-0.252), trait extraversion (p=0.000, r=-0.302), and trait agreeableness (p=0.028, r=-0.132) with loneliness. In addition, there is a positive relationship between trait neuroticism (p=0.000, r=0.398) and loneliness. Meanwhile, no relationship was found between trait openness to experience (p = 0.060 and r = -0.107) and loneliness. The findings emphasize that students can participate in various activities that allow them to interact with others and establish healthy interpersonal relationships that help prevent loneliness.
Mahasiswa akan merantau dan berpindah sementara waktu dari kampung halamannya untuk melanjutkan pendidikan pada jenjang yang lebih tinggi sekaligus belajar untuk hidup mandiri dari orang tua. Selama proses merantau, mahasiswa akan dihadapkan dengan berbagai tantangan salah satunya yaitu kesepian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara masing-masing trait dalam big five personality dengan kesepian yang dialami oleh mahasiswa rantau tahun pertama. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode accidental sampling dan partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 211 mahasiswa rantau tahun pertama Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. Adapun alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 6-Items Cross Cultural Social Isolation Scale untuk mengukur kesepian dan Big Five Inventory-2 Short (BFI2-S) untuk mengukur kepribadian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif antara trait conscientiousness (p=0,000, r=-0,252), trait extraversion (p=0,000, r=-0,302), dan trait agreeableness (p=0,028, r=-0,132) dengan kesepian. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan positif antara trait neuroticism (p=0,000, r=0,398) dengan kesepian. Sementara itu, tidak ditemukan hubungan antara trait openness to experience (p = 0,060 dan r = -0,107) dengan kesepian. Temuan ini menekankan agar mahasiswa dapat mengikuti berbagai kegiatan yang membuat mahasiswa dapat berinteraksi dengan individu lain dan menjalin relasi interpersonal yang sehat sehingga membantu mencegah munculnya perasaan kesepian.
Keywords
Full Text:
FULL TEXTReferences
Ababu, G. B., Yigzaw, A. B., Besene, Y. D. & Alemu, W. G. (2018). Prevalence of adjustment problem and its predictors among first-year undergraduate students in ethiopian university: A cross-sectional institution based study. Psychiatry Journal, 2018. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5919743
Abdellaoui, A., Chen, H. Y., Willemsen, G., Ehli, E. A., Davies, G. E., Verweij, K. J. H., Nivard, M. G., de Geus, E. J. C., Boomsma, D. I., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2019). Associations between loneliness and personality are mostly driven by a genetic association with Neuroticism. Journal of personality, 87(2), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12397
Ahya, A., & Siaputra, I. B. (2022). Validasi big five inventory-2 (bfi-2) untuk Indonesia: Belum sempurna tetapi valid dan reliabel mengukur kepribadian. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat: Indonesian Journal of Indigenous Psychology, 9(1). 179-203. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu458
Alzeer, J., & Benmerabet, H. (2023). The development of human personality: A comprehensive overview. Psychological Disorders and Research, 6(1), http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.PDR.2023.01.01
Anbesaw, T., Beyene, A., & Kefale, J. (2022). Adjustment problem and associated factors among first-year undergraduates at wollo university, Ethiopia. Frontiers, 7. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.946417
Anggreani, R. & Ramadhani, A. (2021). Kelekatan orangtua dan kemandirian terhadap penyesuaian diri mahasiswa perantau universitas mulawarman. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 9(2). 322 – 310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v9i2.5972
Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood: Understanding the new way of coming of age. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21th century (pp: 3 – 19). American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/11381-001
Austin, B. A. (1983). Factorial structure of the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Psychological reports, 53(1), 883–889.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1983.53.3.883
Barron, R. A. & Branscombe, N. R. (2017). Social Psychology. (14ed). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Buecker, S., Maes, M., Denissen, J. J. A., & Luhmann, M. (2020). Loneliness and the big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 34(1), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2229
Chauhan, B., & Sharma, S. (2015). To explore the lonelinesss as it related to personality trait among emerging adults studing medicine. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.25215/0301.149
Chen, X., Qiu, N., Chen. C., & Zhai, L. (2021). Personality traits, loneliness, and affect among boxers. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609153
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343-359. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343
Courtin, E., & Knapp, M. (2017). Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: A scoping review. Health & Social Care In The Community, 25(3), 799-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12311
Damarhadi, S., Junianto, M., Indasah, S. N., & Situmorang, N. Z. (2020). Kebermaknaan hidup pada mahasiswa rantau di indonesia. Insight: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 22(2), 110-117.
https://doi.org/10.26486/psikologi.v22i2.957
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506289723
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European journal of ageing, 7(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
Diehl, K., Jansen, C., Ishchanova, K., & Hilger-Kolb, J. (2018). Loneliness at Universities: Determinants of Emotional and Social Loneliness among Students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(9), 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091865
Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi (2022). Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi 2020. Jakarta: Setditjen Dikti.
Ellia, S. K., & Rahayu, M. N. M. (2024). Kompetensi komunikasi lintas budaya dan kesepian mahasiswa rantau Kalimantan Tengah. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 12(2). 405 – 414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v12i3
English, T., Davis, J., Wei, M., & Gross, J. J. (2017). Homesickness and adjustment across the first year of college: A longitudinal study. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 17(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000235
Erevik, E. K., Vedaa, O., Pallesen, S., Hysing, M., & Sivertsen, B. (2023). The five-factor model’s personality traits and social and emotional loneliness: Two large-scale studies among Norwegian students. Personality and Individual Differences, 207, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112115
Fauziyyah, A., & Ampuni, S. (2018). Depression tendencies, social skills, and loneliness among college students in yogyakarta. Jurnal Psikologi, 45(2), 98-106. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.36324
Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T. A. (2018). Theories of Personality. 9th edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
Goldberg, L. T. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universal in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (ed.). Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 141-165. Beverly hills, CA.: Sage Pub
Goldberg, L. T. (1990). An alternative “Description of personality”: The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216-1229. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1216
Hager, N. M., Judah, M. R., & Milam, A. L. (2022). Loneliness and depression in college students during the covid-19 pandemic: The role of boredom and repetitive negative thinking. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 15(2), 134-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-022-00135-z
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Hogi, E., & Putra, A. I. D. (2019). Kepribadian ektraversi dan kesepian pada remaja panti asuhan. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 7(1), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v7i1.7349
Hong, J. H., Nakamura, J. S., Berkman, L. F., Chen, F. S., Shiba, K., Chen, Y., Kim, E. S., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2023). Are loneliness and social isolation equal threats to health and well-being? An outcome-wide longitudinal approach. SSM-Population Health, 23, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101459
Hudiyana, J., Lincoln, T. M., Hartanto, S., Shadiqi, M. A., Milla, M. N., Muluk, H., & Jaya, E. S. (2021). How universal is a construct of loneliness? Measurement invariance of the ucla loneliness scale in indonesia, germany, and the united states. Assessment, 29(8), 1795-1805.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211034564
Hussein, S. Z., Ismail, A. H., & Abu Bakar, S. H. (2021). Loneliness and health outcomes among Malaysian older adults. Makara Journal of Health Research, 25(2), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.7454/msk.v25i2.1277
Hutabarat, E. & Nurchayati, N. (2021). Penyesuaian diri mahasiswa batak yang merantau di surabaya. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(7), 45 – 59.
Hysing, M., Petrie, K. J., Bøe, T., Lønning, K. J., & Sivertsen, B. (2020). Only the Lonely: A Study of Loneliness Among University Students in Norway. Clinical psychology in Europe, 2(1), e2781.
https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.v2i1.2781
Itzick, M., Kagan, M., & Zychlinski. (2019). The big five personality traits as predictors of loneliness among older men in israel. The Journal of Psychology, 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1653250
Jung, F. U., & Luck-Sikorski, C. (2019). Overweight and lonely? A representative study of loneliness in obese people and its determinants. Obesity facts, 12(4), 440-447. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500095
Lozani, L. A., Villalobos, B. T., Castro, V., & Rodriguez, J. H. (2024). What’s the right move? The relation between relocating and psychosocial outcomes among latinx college students. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 23(3), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/15381927241228492
Luo, X., & Hu, C. (2022). Loneliness and sleep disturbance among first-year college students: The sequential mediating effect of attachment anxiety and mobile social media dependence. Psychology in the Schools, 59(9), 1776-1789. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22721
Mann, F., Wang, J., Pearce, E., Ma, R., Schlief, M., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ikhtabi, S., & Johnson, S. (2022). Loneliness and the onset of new mental health problems in the general population. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 57(11), 2161–2178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02261-7
Marisa, D., & Afriyeni, N. (2019). Kesepian dan self compassion mahasiswa perantau. Jurnal Psibernetika, 12(1), 1-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.30813/psibernetika.v12i1.1582
Mariska, A. (2018). Pengaruh penyesuaian diri dan kematangan emosi terhadap homesickness. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(3). 310-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v6i3.4642
McCrae R. R. (1996). Social consequences of experiential openness. Psychological bulletin, 120(3), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.323
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1990). Personality in adulthood. New York: Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of personality, 60(2), 175–215.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
Nadlyfah, A. K., & Kustanti, E. R. (2018). Hubungan antara pengungkapan diri dengan penyesuaian diri pada mahasiswa rantau di semarang. Jurnal Empati, 7(1), 136-144. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2018.20171
Nghiem, H. S., Tuyen, L. T. K., Thu, L. N. A., Van, T. Y., & Thu, P. T. M. (2021). Difficulties when studying away from home. International Journal of Tesol & Education, 1(1), 1-12. https://i-jte.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In R. Gilmour, & S. Duck (Eds), Personal relationships: 3. Relationships in disorder (pp. 31-56). London: Academic Press.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1984). Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings. In L. A. Peplau & S. E. Goldston (Eds.), Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness (pp. 13-46). National Institute of Mental Health.
Prasetio, C. E., Sirait, E. G. N., & Hanafitri, A. (2020). Rumah, tempat Kembali: Pemaknaan rumah pada mahasiswa rantau. Mediapsi, 6(2), 132-144. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2020.006.02.7
Pramasella, F. (2019). Hubungan antara lima besar tipe sifat kepribadian dengan kesepian pada mahasiswa rantau. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(3). 457-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v7i3.4805
Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Personality Trait Change in Adulthood. Current directions in psychological science, 17(1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40.
Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life span developmental. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Santrock, J. W. (2016). Adolescence (16th ed.). UK: McGraw-Hill Education
Schermer, J. A., & Martin, N. G. (2019). A behavior genetic analysis of personality and loneliness. Journal of Research in Personality, 78, 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.011
Schutter, N. Koorevaar, L., Holwerda, T. J., Stek, M. L., Dekker, J., & Comijs, H. C. (2019). ‘Big five’ Personality characteristics are associated with loneliness but not with social network size in older adults, irrespective of depression. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(1). 53-63.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610219000231
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2017). Theories of Personality (11th edition). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Siswoyo, D. (2007). Ilmu pendidikan. Yogyakarta: UNY Press
Soto, C. J., Kronauer, A., & Liang, J. K. (2015). Five-factor model of personality. The encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging, 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa014
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pspp0000096
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan r & d. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Thurber, C. A., & Walton, E. A. (2012). Homesickness and adjustment in university students. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 60(5), 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2012.673520
Valencia, N., & Pratiwi, M. (2023). Tipe kepribadian agreeableness terhadap kesepian pada mahasiswa rantau. Psychology Journal of Mental Health, 4(2), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.32539/pjmh.v4i2.79
Venya, L., & Pushparaj, S. (2024). Relationship between self-esteem and loneliness among college hostel students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 12(1), 497-516. DOI: 10.25215/1201.046
Williams-Farrelly, M. M., Schroeder, M. W., Li, C., Perkins, A. J., Bakas, T., Head, K. J. Boustani, M., & Fowler, N. R. (2024). Loneliness in older primary care patients and its relationship to physical and mental health-related quality of life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 72(3). 811 – 821. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18762
Wilson, R. E., Harris, K., & Vazire, S. (2015). Personality and friendship satisfaction in daily life: Do everyday social interactions account for individual differences in friendship satisfaction? European Journal of Personality, 29(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1996
Worsley, J. D., Harrison, P., & Corcoran, R. (2021). Bridging the gap: Exploring the unique transition from home, school or college into university. Frontiers in public health, 9, 634285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.634285
Wright, S., & Silard, A. (2020). Unravelling the antecedents of loneliness in the workplace. Human Relations, 74(7). 1060–1081.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720906013
Zahedi, H., Sahebihagh, M. H., & Sarbakhsh, P. (2022). The Magnitude of Loneliness and Associated Risk Factors among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 17(4), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i4.10690
Zhou, Y., Li, H., Han, L., & Yin, S. (2021). Relationship Between Big Five Personality and Pathological Internet Use: Mediating Effects of Loneliness and Depression. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 739981. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.739981
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v13i2.19349
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tabita Sammasda Hutabarat, Maria Nugraheni Mardi Rahayu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi id indexed by :
PSIKOBORNEO: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Published by Faculty of Social and Political Siences, University of Mulawarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan and This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
________________________________________
PSIKOBORNEO: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Social and Political Siences, University of Mulawarman
Jl. Muara Muntai Kampus Gn. Kelua Samarinda 75411
Phone: +62 813 35350368
E-Mail: psikoborneo@gmail.com / psikoborneo@fisip.unmul.ac.id